英国经济硕士毕业论文 The status and trends of China’s economic development

英国经济硕士毕业论文 Abstract
    It is the observation on the economy development in the twenty years since China’s reform and opening up. It is the analysis on the economy prosperity and slump in the 1980s and 1990s. Explain such situation in China’s economy development from different views and provide the opinion that only build new completed economy system structure and allow the market to adjust the benefit and relationship of different social groups can promote the stable of society and keep the economy developing.

英国经济硕士毕业论文 KEY WORDS: Hong Kong and Taiwan capital, Introduction of foreign investment, Dual-track system, Deepening reform

英国经济硕士毕业论文 Contents
1, The challenge to normal analyses way for China’s economic prospects.
2, The prosperity by Hong Kong and Taiwan capital.
3, The new peak of the introduction of foreign investment.
4, How the country-owned department learn from the resources, create demand, and stabilize the economy in the first half of 1990s.
5, The economic system in transition: Does market replace the plan, or is it a “dual-track system” without plan economic.
6, The way to “well-off”: bustling cities and depressive villages.
7, Why the prosperity goes away.
8, Socio-economic structure adjustment: The real problem of deepening reform.
9, A brief conclusion.

英国经济硕士毕业论文 References

The status and trends of China’s economic development
1, The challenge to normal analyses way for China’s economic prospects.
  In the formerly socialist countries that is transiting its system, China's economic performance can be called "thriving", obviously, this reflects the "China Road" has a certain particularity. There are two basic point of view to explain such specificity, one is to compare it with another country, in order to find out the reason why the similarity of the two country does not lead to a common feature, another is to focus on the implications left by the country’s history. Whether the result of the second way is convincible can usually be tested by the first one. Some Western scholars who study Chinese tend to use the second way. They impose that China and East Asia’s historical and cultural roots will be conducive to attracting foreign investment, China's vast rural areas are undeveloped, which make the rural areas has the great potential for industrializing and rapidly economic growing. According to the view of “path dependence” of the modern social science new system school, the path of develop of every country roots deeply in its past. But, besides these specific history causes, China’s system is mostly the same as the east Europe countries and Russia, and the direction for economic system transition is also very similar. Why the similar process lead to a totally different result?
  To the China’s specific economic performance, the most common view of the China study field is the market economy reform of China makes a great progress and the market economy system begins and will further occupy the lead position, so as to bring sustainable prosperity of economy. If the observation is only limited in China, this explanation may be something; but if test this view into other formerly socialist countries which is transiting, the limitation of this view will be immediately exposed. Can the economy grows rapidly and the income increases greatly when the m

arket economy http://www.51lunwen.org/Ghostwrite/thesis.htmlsystem occupy the lead position? The facts of most formerly socialist countries give a negative answer to this question. We can see non-country economy expanse rapidly, plan economy system collapse, and the steps pf marketise is speed up in former Soviet Union and east Europe countries. It shows that this is not the Exclusive achievements of China. Some countries such as Hungary began its reform of market economy much earlier than China, and established the essential position of market system earlier than China. Other countries such an east Germany and Czech, they began reform later than China, but the progress is fast than China and the measures are more firmly and completely. However, among the earlier and higher marketised countries, the more firmly and completely economy system transiting countries or the slower marketised countries, there is no such economy prosperity as China get. On the opposite side, they suffered the depression of economy in the transition（Kornai 1993）. Even they pass through the depression, their prosperity is not equal to China in the current time. It can be inferred that China’s prosperity of economy can not be simply considered as the result of marketization. There are other reasons beside the affection of marketization.http://www.wlunwen.com
  A common view of the status of former Soviet Union and the east Europe countries is that the numerous difficulties in the process of marketization block the economy growth of Russia and east Europe countries. But China faces the same problems as Russia and east Europe countries such as low efficiency in transiting of the country-owned department, the Bureaucracies give up the plan management, but they still dominate the economy resources by their position and power, and the economy marketization pushes the blooming of trade and finance, but it is fail to change the twisted industry structure. These problems lead to the similar economy result in east Europe countries and Russia, but, why does China avoid the “economy depression of transition time” itself? What are the causes that make China avoid the problems of economy transition time?
  A popular view in China is that China insists on open policy to attract billions of foreign investment successfully so as to ensure the economy prosperity. Follow this logic, east Europe countries and Russia can be equally prosperity if they attract amount of foreign investment while reforming just like China. However, the situation of Germany gives a opposite example. Five years since the Germany’s combination, the marketising of the east Germany stably pushes on by the great supply from the west Germany areas. At the same time, the Germany government invest eight thousand billion Mark in the former east Germany areas. The every former Germany resident get thirteen thousand dollars, it is almost three hundred times as the personal gaining of China since the China’s reform and opening up. The east Germany used to be the economy example for the “soviet groups”, and it was economy modernized. Will the economy of it take off with the great help and directly guidance from “brother” west Germany? The truth is far from expectation. Though the personal income in the east Germany areas has doubled, it also suffer the serious economy depression in the transition. The workers of the east Germany used to be the most technology and discipline ones. But their work efficiency is half of the wes
t Germany workers till now. The east Germany’s products are always poor in quality but high in price, but they are the first level and out of supply among the products of “ CMEA”. Nowadays, these products have to be competed in the international and domestic market. The result is that the price is half of the price before combination. Low productive, low market compete ability and high salary makes most individualized east Germany enterprises lack of international compete ability. The Unemployment rate once reached 14%.http://www.wlunwen.com
  Such “mark sheet” is much worse than China’s. Moreover, although the income has doubled, more than 40% east Germany residents think that the current economy situation is not as good as it before combination. Some even thinks it is worse. Why does China keep a higher economy growth rate, lower unemployment, higher income crease rate and higher satisfaction rate of people with 1/300 of east Germany‘s personal foreign investment.
  Another view is that China’s economy prosperity get benefit from the progressive reform strategy. The progressive and low speed reform means that more old systems are held. It is good for protecting the vested interests and keeping stable. But if hold too much old system and the vested interests will bring economy prosperity, why should we spend great effort to deepen reform? Yugoslavia had executed the progressive reform for decades of years, and got an economy prosperity. But it trapped in the economy depression in the last 1980s. (Woodward 1995) This example shows that the progressive reform has advantages as well as disadvantages. So, what are China’s progressive reform’s advantages and disadvantages for economy develop? If we do not know about these advantages and disadvantages, we cannot judge China’s economy develop trends in the future.
  The above-mentioned common analysis method has obvious limitations, not only because their logics are unable to effectively explain other countries of the same type of socialist transformation process, but also because they usually can not explain some economic situations exist in China. In recent years, many observers focus on Chinese stock market, real estate market, and high-end consumer demand. If we focus on these fields, we may think that there are few differences in economy among mainland China and Hong Kong, Taiwan, Singapore is not very different. However, if we take a different point of view, and focus on the follow economy situation with contradictions we will find China’s economy situation is far from the market economy countries. We cannot explain the these situation with market economy view and concept.
  First, At the first half of nineties, the market-oriented rural enterprises contribute most to economic growth, while the state departments contribute the smallest. But view from the pattern of distribution of national income, at the same period, the state-owned department staff gains most.( National Bureau of Statistics, Rural Investigation Corps Group )
 Secondly, at this period, the state department on the one hand worry about redundancy and too fast growing of wage costs, on the other hand, an increasing large number of migrant workers employed.
  Thirdly, in a high marketised consumer goods market, the exchange of price is opposite to the common situation of the market economy. Since 1995, the increase of rich, high buying ability and high demanding east provinces and cities is less,
the increase of the poor, low buying ability and low demanding west provinces and cities is more. If range the increase of convinces and cities from low to high in this year, [1]the three rich cities, Beijing, Shanghai, and Tianjin, are in the first six of lowest price provinces and cities.
 These three situations involve the basic economy problem such as income distribution, labor market and price decisions. Behind them, there may hide the unidentified knowledge that may influence the path of China's reform and development, they are deserved a closer study. In theory, it is a new interdisciplinary subject what is the relationship between the process of economic growth and institutional transformation process. there are no ready answers in neo-classical economics and institutional economics theory. Economic growth and stability can be seen just as a macroeconomic problem, but the implementation at the system of its transformation is not just by the monetary and fiscal policy decisions. In the system transformation, the micro-economic society foundations of these macro-economic situations gradually change. The actual process of change is not the result of rulers or scholars’ design of Pure Reason, but by the stakeholders of the parties’ mutual influence, compromise formation, and therefore it is a social and political process. To determine the economic and social development trends of system transformation, we should observe the economic development process in the reality the evolution of society with interdisciplinary perspective.

Explanation:
[1] State Development Planning Commission and National Bureau of Statistics,” the products retail price changing table of provinces (districts, cities)in 1995 and December”, 《People Daily》19, Jan. 1996.http://www.wlunwen.com
[2] Hu ji, Chen yue, Yu bin, “the economy situation analysis of 1992 and the expect on economy development of 1993”. Ma hong, Sun shangqing editor-in-chief, 《Economic White Paper 1992-1993, The trend and expect o economy of China》. Peking: China outlook press, Apr. 1993.
[3] Ma hong, Sun shangqing editor-in-chief, 《Economic White Paper 1992-1993, The trend and expect o economy of China》. Peking: China outlook press, Apr. 1993.
[4] Hu ji, Chen yue, Yu bin, “the economy situation analysis of 1992 and the expect on economy development of 1993”.
[5]The town-owned enterprises’ market share is the ratio their output value in the total industrial output value. The formula is(Rural industrial output Village-run industrial output)/( more than rural industrial output value accounting independent Village-run industrial output). The data is from 《China Statistical Yearbook》”key indicators of independent accounting industrial enterprises” and “key indicators of village-run industrial sectors” table.
[6] See 《China Statistical Yearbook》” Industrial output value” table, counted by the prices of that year.
[7] 《China Statistical Yearbook 1995》, P.249
[8] 《China Statistical Yearbook 1995》, P.577
[9] 《China Statistical Yearbook 1995》, P.403
[10] 《China Statistical Yearbook 1995》, P.368
[11] National Bureau of Statistics’ urban household survey random sample( more then thirty thousand families), in the city and town residents of the whole country. The rate and income data of state-owned sectors, town-owned enterprises employers, join venture enterprises’ employers, and individual managers in the sample is reliable. The rate of income of state-owned sectors’ employers

among income of city residents can be judged by the income of state-owned sectors’ employers of per capita income. The method is, exclude the property income, transporting income and special income from the per capita income. Then share the income of additional earnings, employed retired people and other labor as the rate of state-owned and town-owned sectors’ employers’ income into the state-owned and collective sectors, the rate of the income of state-owned sectors’ employers among the income of city residents can be calculated. According to the data of 1992 and 1994, this rate is 84% and 84.9%.
[12] See《China reform》 15, Sept. 1995 “capital net lost and capital suspend repayment” means the fake parts in the bills.http://www.51lunwen.org/Ghostwrite/thesis.html
[13] China Social Science Research Institute village research center，see《Economy green paper 1995》.
[14] In the past, China’s scholars often underestimate the income gap between city and village. It is because when they analysis this gap, they only calculate the currency income of city residents and ignore the none currency farewell such as low rent houses, public expense medical, free consume products and service by the socialist farewell system. Only calculate all of these, there will be a correct estimation of the income gap between city and village.
[15] This research of National Bureau of Statistics village research team task group takes the none currency farewell as one kind of income and exclude the influence of the prices in city and village in each year. It is a correct describe of the income gap between city and village since the reform begin. See “the research on the income gap between city and village residents.” 《Economy Research》12th issues, 1994.
[16] The village residents’ disposable income is the per capita net income of the village residents. The city residents’ disposable income includes currency income, object income, house allowance, some work protection farewell and the price allowance. The data is from the “the research on the income gap between city and village residents.” of National Bureau of Statistics village research team task group. See 《China Statistical Yearbook》 table “ The total index of prices of all kinds” and  table “residents consume level and index”.
[17] National Bureau of Statistics village research team,“1994—1995：How is the income of farmers?”，《People Daily》29 May 1995.
[18] Gu Zhaonong, “Why the village become the price highland——the analysis on price” ,《People Daily》23 Aug. 1995.
[19] See《China Statistical Yearbook 1999》 table “the whole amount of retail products”, the farmers’ buying amount is the amount of retail products below the county.
[20] See《China Statistical Yearbook 1996》table “the amount of the end out the year and the adding amount in the year of the city and town residents’ saving.”.
[21] From《Economy Daily》，《China Refor,》15 Aug. 1997 transfer.
[22] He Qinglian：《The overall analysis on the China society structure transition》，[U.S.A.]《Present China Research》 3rd issues 2000.
[23] Rawski，Thomas G.，“Export performance of China's stateindustries，”unpublished manuscript，March 1994.
[24] World Bank：55—56。
[25] Cheng xiaonong, Song guoqing “the change of domestic economy income process in the reform”，《China: development and reform》，8th issues 1987，page 17 to page 24；China economy system reform research institute macro economy research institute, “macro economy in the reform: th
e share and use of domestic income”，《Economy Research》 8th issues 1987, page16 to page 28.
[26] According to the statistics on bank business 《China Finance yearbook》.
[27] Tian hanqing, Sun lizhao “the compare and analysis on the benefit of the four big banks”, 《Management Workd》 6th issues 1994, page 102.
[28] Zhang jiongqiang’s report, “Enterprises issues IOU to the bank”, 《People Daily》 20 Feb. 1995.
[30] Huang yong, Liu yongkou’s report, “benefit：the answer bank should give”，《China Reform》19 Sept. 1995.http://www.51lunwen.org/Ghostwrite/thesis.html
[31] Weng mingjie，《1995—-1996 the situation and trend of China’s development》, Page 157 Peking：China social science publican. Nov. 1995.
[32] See, 1994, 1995《China Finance》” Finance Statistical data”.
[33] Cheng xiaonong, Wu renhong “the transition and current choice of the industrial structure developing period”.《Management World》 2nd 1987, page 88.1
[34] See “talking about CIMIC” column，《Economy Reference》，10 June to 31 Aug. 1991.
[35] Cai jiangnan（East China chemistry collage economy development research institute）. “‘employ trap’：the basic structure of the employment in the enterprises”,《The fourth Chinese schoolmates in America for economy thesis collect works》 page 155 Chinese schoolmates association in America. Published in 1998.http://www.wlunwen.com

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