伦敦论文代写伦敦论文代写QQ572853141布莱顿论文代写布莱顿论文代写As we explored and examined some of the actions of social movements in San Francisco, some parts of the site of the city bring me to feel like observing some actual life-size works from the Adbusters magazine. This EL Summer trip enabled me to see the actions and practices through which people make choices, shape action, and crate social movement in San Francisco. Once we step into one of the street sides, we could find some social active messages or event announcements, such as AIDS Walk, Asian Heritage Street Celebration, Union Street Festival, Fiesta Filipina, and San Francisco Gay Pride Parade as well. This most diverse city have gone through in the history throughout from increasing the wave of immigration from Asia and Latin America to America’s counterculture of Beat Generation, Hippies in Haight-Ashbury, and the gay rights movement, and experienced many various progressive social activism. At the same time, social movement in San Francisco reflect the general trend to the inclusiveness and acceptance of general world trends to integration of social movements.
San Francisco has a long history of the development of social movements. In fact, the local population readily accepted the most progressive trends in social movements of different epochs. For instance, in 1950s, there was the civil rights movement that black people appealed to for liberation. In 60-70s, there was the woman leap that women appealed to for liberation and ecoactivity as for 80-90s. In our time, in the late twentieth century, social movements in San Francisco have started to acquire new features typical to the general trends of the modern world. Recently, the term “globalization” has been coined, and this leads us to answer the question: what would be the ideal social movement of the 21st century?
The process of globalization affected all spheres of life. Naturally, social movements could hardly fail to resist to its impact. Basically, globalization encouraged the development of networks, identities and opportunities of organizations across borders. For the matter, even when social movements never place a toe in transnational waters, the fact that their societies are affected by globalization makes their domestic actions part of global civil society.
Some of have begun to posit the development of a whole new spectrum of transnational social movements; others have focused on one particular movement like human rights, the environment, or the concerns of indigenous peoples; still others focus on cultural forms, deducing from the collapse of extinct meta-narratives a groping across borders towards new cultural codes and connections.
Nowadays, such networks continue to grow. It is quite possible to presuppose that in the future the social movement that is focused on the inclusion into the international network would have larger opportunities to gain the wide public recognition and it would be supported by larger masses of people. It seems to be obvious that, among the variety of movements existing at the moment, the social movement that has better perspectives in the future should be based on the ideology which is equally acceptable to representatives of different countries with their unique culture, traditions and standards.
The recent trends to the internationalization of social movements have been already noticed by specialists and often such movements are often referred to as "transnational social movements" (Smith, Chatfield and Pagnucco 1997), and are reflected in transnational movement organizations (TSMOs). These TSMOs are defined as "a subset of social movement organizations operating in more than two nations" (1997:43). In fact, in the situation when various communities throughout the world tends to integration, it seems to be quite natural that the ideal social movement of the 21st century will also tend to spread its ideas and network throughout different countries. Obviously, in the new, integrated world, the perspective social movement of the 21st century cannot be focused on the only one community but, instead, it needs to be attracting to people with different cultural and ideological background. In this respect, the history of the development of social movements in San Francisco and the major socio-economic trends reveal the fact that even at the present moment the local population is extremely diverse. Naturally, in the future this trend will grow stronger that means that all these people with different background stimulate social movements to be more inclusive and attractive to representatives of different socio-cultural groups (Russell 2004:201). In other words, the ideal social movement of the future will overcome national frontiers as do modern socio-economic relations and cultural interaction.
To be transnational, a social movement ought to have social and political bases outside its target society; but to be a social movement, it ought to be clearly seen to be rooted within domestic social networks and engage in contentious politics in which at least one is a party to the interaction. It should be pointed out that the existence of any social movement is impossible without the ideological background. In relation to the social movement of the 21st century, the ideology of the growing integrity of the different communities of the world into one global community in a combination with the idea of preserving of national identity seems to be quite perspective. Even though it sounds a bit contradictive, it is not improbable because this ideology implies the popularization of basic and universal principles common to representatives of different nations (Williams 2002:194). For instance, basic democratic principles, human rights and humanistic values may be viewed as a good ideological basis of a social movement that can really unite people throughout the world.
At the same time, social movements that have networks spread worldwide cannot appear spontaneously. In stark contrast, they should be based on the existing movements and they are most likely to take root among pre-existing social networks in which relations of trust, reciprocity, and cultural learning are stored. This is the thesis that Tilly developed when he placed “organization” in a triangular relationship with interest and collective action in his “mobilization model” (1978:57). In examining what kinds of groups are likely to mobilize, Tilly paid attention to both the categories of people who recognize their common characteristics, and to networks of people who are linked to each other by a specific interpersonal bond, than to formal organization (62). The resulting idea of “catnets” stressed a group’s inclusiveness as “the main aspect of group structure which affects the ability to mobilize” (64).
As a great example, one non-profit organization in San Francisco Bay Area,The Bay Area Center for Independent Culture (BACIC), in which my volunteer-work-partner Katy and I had leaned, had enlarged their social network in their unique way. Expanded from a low-budget initiative into a multimillion dollar grassroots organization that serves tens of thousands of young people annually, including some of San Francisco’s poorest youth. It is worthy of mention that the focus of social movements on the youth is very important since it is the youth that is the most perspective part of population for any social movement. The reason is quite obvious: the youth is the most active part of the population and, at the same time, young people are the most susceptible to the perception of new and progressive ideas. Perspective social movements of the 21st century may be focused on different fields and goals. For instance, conceived by the philosopher Dr. Fred Newman and the developmental psychologist Dr. Lenora Fulani, the BACIC, as a nonprofit organization, provides talent show opportunities and leadership training through two supplementary education programs: the All Stars Talent Show Network (ASTSN) and the Joseph A. Forgone Development School for Youth (DSY). This overarching organization links ASTSN and DSY with other organizations that share both resources and goals, including the Castillo Theatre and the Talented Volunteers Program. This constellation of organizations enhances the success of each component by encouraging mutual support and providing further access to resources. They form a larger community that encompasses a creative theater-based community, a youth development community, and a therapeutic community. There are also strong connections to progressive political activism within all of these communities. Thus the theatrical, youth development, and therapeutic communities are functionally related to each other, and all three are philosophically related to the progressive political community. The president of the BACIC, L. Kurlander, says;
Over 25 years, we have discerned that “development” is what is needed to move our young people and our communities from chronic poverty and all of its effects. To create this development, we built a “new kind of community” in our city that includes tens of thousands of young people, donors, volunteers, parents, artists, performers and business professionals.